There was slightly more to the relationship than this, however. Leakey found the presence of this pretty, hazel-eyed blonde too much for him and although then in his late 50s, and married with three children, he bombarded Goodall with protestations of his love.
He also had my whole future in his hands. On the other hand, I thought: 'No thanks. Their friendship survived the incident and Goodall went off to Gombe to study her chimpanzees, while Leakey selected two other female researchers, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas, to study gorillas and orangutans.
Galdikas, like Goodall, is still going strong. The fate of Fossey, played by Sigourney Weaver in the film Gorillas in the Mist , was to be a grim one, however. Fossey was murdered in after trying to punish local people following incidents in which several of her beloved gorillas were killed. She would say to people, 'Do you know a man who is six foot five and loves gorillas? And she wasn't diplomatic. She tackled poachers by chasing them and did things that I would not have been brave enough to have done.
Sometimes she was very stupid. But she brought the plight of the gorillas to everyone's attention. The violent death of Dian Fossey contrasts with Goodall's relatively peaceful time in Tanzania, although her life at Gombe — on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, north of Kigoma — certainly did not lack incident. In fact, this ruling may not have been an altogether bad thing because the Belgian Congo had just erupted into civil war and Kigoma was filled with refuges.
They said that was the safest place for us and wouldn't let us go to Gombe for several weeks. Eventually the two women plus a cook made it to the reserve and Goodall began the tricky business of getting Gombe's chimps to accept her. After a few weeks one male, who she named David Greybeard because of his white-tufted chin, let her approach him — tempted by the odd banana — and allowed her to observe him as he foraged for food.
It was David Greybeard who Goodall later watched making that leafy tool to obtain termites. More and more troop members followed suit and Goodall was eventually allowed to observe their behaviour almost as if she was a chimpanzee herself. Slowly she built up a picture of chimp life in all its domestic detail: the grooming, the food-sharing, the status wrangles, and the fights. At this time scientists were particularly sensitive about giving human attributes to animals.
Anthropomorphism was simply not on, they told Goodall when, in the early 60s, she took a PhD at Cambridge at the insistence of Leakey — who was desperate for his protege to gain academic respectability. I didn't care. I didn't want to become a professor or get tenure or teach or anything. All I wanted to do was get a degree because Louis Leakey said I needed one, which was right, and once I succeeded I could get back to the field.
In any case, Goodall who got her PhD in believes it is simple nonsense to say that animals, particularly chimpanzees which are so closely related to humans, do not have personalities.
You know it and I think every single one of those scientists knew it too but because they couldn't prove it, they wouldn't talk about it. But I did talk about it. In a way, my dog Rusty gave me the courage of my convictions. Three years later, the couple had a son, Hugo, who was raised at Gombe where he known simply as "Grub". The presence of lots of chimpanzee mothers had a considerable influence on the way Goodall raised Hugo.
She is tolerant but she can impose discipline. She is affectionate. She plays. Leakey hired her as a secretary and invited her to participate in an anthropological dig at the now-famous Olduvai Gorge, a site rich in fossilized prehistoric remains of early ancestors of humans. Additionally, Goodall was sent to study the vervet monkey, which lives on an island in Lake Victoria.
Leakey believed that a long-term study of the behavior of higher primates would yield important evolutionary information. He had a particular interest in the chimpanzee, the second most intelligent primate.
Few studies of chimpanzees had been successful; either the size of the safari frightened the chimps, producing unnatural behaviors, or the observers spent too little time in the field to gain comprehensive knowledge. Leakey believed that Goodall had the proper temperament to endure long-term isolation in the wild. At his prompting, she agreed to attempt such a study. Many experts objected to Leakey's selection of Goodall because she had no formal scientific education and lacked even a general college degree.
In July , accompanied by her mother and an African cook, Goodall arrived on the shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Gombe Stream Reserve of Tanzania, Africa, with the goal of studying chimpanzees. Goodall's first attempts to closely observe the animals failed; she could get no nearer than yards before the chimps fled.
After finding another suitable group to follow, she established a non-threatening pattern of observation, appearing at the same time every morning on the high ground near a feeding area along the Kakombe Valley.
The chimpanzees soon tolerated her presence and, within a year, allowed her to move as close as 30 feet to their feeding area. After two years of seeing her every day, they showed no fear and often came to her in search of bananas. Goodall used her newfound acceptance to establish what she termed the "banana club," a daily systematic feeding method she used to gain trust and to obtain a more thorough understanding of everyday chimpanzee behavior.
Using this method, she became closely acquainted with a majority of the reserve's chimps. She imitated their behaviors, spent time in the trees and ate their foods. By remaining in almost constant contact with the chimps, Goodall discovered a number of previously unobserved behaviors: She noted that chimps have a complex social system, complete with ritualized behaviors and primitive but discernible communication methods, including a primitive "language" system containing more than 20 individual sounds.
She is credited with making the first recorded observations of chimpanzees eating meat and using and making tools. Toolmaking was previously thought to be an exclusively human trait. Goodall also noted that chimpanzees throw stones as weapons, use touch and embraces to comfort one another and develop long-term familial bonds. The male plays no active role in family life but is part of the group's social stratification: The chimpanzee "caste" system places the dominant males at the top, with the lower castes often acting obsequiously in their presence, trying to ingratiate themselves to avoid possible harm.
The male's rank is often related to the intensity of his entrance performance at feedings and other gatherings. Upending the belief that chimps were exclusively vegetarian, Goodall witnessed chimps stalking, killing and eating large insects, birds and some bigger animals, including baby baboons and bushbucks small antelopes.
On one occasion, she recorded acts of cannibalism. In another instance, she observed chimps inserting blades of grass or leaves into termite hills to insects onto the blade. In true toolmaker fashion, they modified the grass to achieve a better fit, then used the grass as a long-handled spoon to eat the termites. The general public was introduced to Jane Goodall's life work via Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees , first broadcast on American television on December 22, Filmed by her first husband, and narrated by Orson Welles , the documentary showed the shy but determined young English woman patiently watching these animals in their natural habitat, and the chimpanzees soon became a staple of American and British public television.
Taken together, this trove of material provides an intimate view of Jane at a pivotal time: When a young woman who had known Africa only from Tarzan and Dr. At Gombe, Jane withstood all manner of natural threats: malaria, parasites, snakes, storms. But in her dealings with the wider world, the challenges often required shrewd strategy and delicate diplomacy. From her childhood in England, Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall professed a deep love of animals and a desire to work with them in Africa.
Her family lacked the means to send her to college, so Jane went to secretarial school. She worked at Oxford and then for a documentary film company in London. In the summer of she returned home, where she waited tables to save for an ocean passage to Kenya. In Nairobi she boldly asked for an appointment with paleoanthropologist Louis S. Leakey, whose interest in great apes grew from his pioneering research into human origins. Leakey hired Jane on the spot to do secretarial work and saw in her the makings of a scientist.
He arranged for her to study primates while he raised funds so she could conduct chimpanzee field research in Tanzania. From the start Jane followed her instincts for conducting research.
Not knowing that the established scientific practice was to use numbers to identify animals under study, she recorded observations of the chimps by names she concocted: Fifi, Flo, Mr. McGregor, David Greybeard. She wrote about the chimps as individuals with distinct traits and personalities—for example, when a female she called Mrs.
As her study was approaching its end, Jane made three discoveries that would not only make Leakey proud but would also turn established science on its head. The chimp was memorable for his prominent gray goatee, and she would name him David Greybeard. Within two weeks Jane observed David Greybeard again, but this time what she witnessed was truly game-changing. Squatting by a termite mound, he picked a blade of grass and poked it into a tunnel. When he pulled it out, it was covered with termites, which he slurped down.
In another instance, Jane saw him pick a twig and strip it of leaves before using it to fish for termites. David Greybeard had exhibited tool use and toolmaking—two things that previously only humans were believed capable of.
In the wake of these discoveries, National Geographic gave Jane a grant to continue her work at Gombe. As Jane began to write up and publish her field research, she met with skepticism from the scientific community. After all, she had no science training—no degree other than a secretarial certificate affirming that she could touch-type.
But she also faced derision. National Geographic shipped a camera and several rolls of film to Africa with detailed instructions on how to use them. Jane made a valiant effort. Leakey had helped Jane get into a Ph.
National Geographic officials gave Jane the requested grant, but as part of the deal, she agreed to welcome a professional photographer to Gombe. The opportunity to work at Gombe with Jane would be a huge break for the year-old Dutchman, who had some experience in natural history filmmaking.
Hugo reached Gombe in August He smoked heavily; Jane detested the habit. Otherwise they were well matched, both ardent observers of wildlife and devoted to their work. Hugo is charming and we get on very well. But National Geographic executives were increasingly eager to turn the camera on her. The issue was a resounding success.
As Jane and Hugo expanded the research station at Gombe, they also developed ideas for new films, but National Geographic wanted to keep the spotlight on Jane in films being made for television and the lecture circuit.
The pressures to pose rankled Jane, but she handled it diplomatically. But when Hess came to Gombe to oversee some filming, Jane allowed herself a private act of rebellion.
When I interviewed Jane years later, during a visit to Gombe, she could look back on the celebrity treatment more philosophically:. People like romanticizing, and people were looking at me as though I was that myth that they had created in their mind.
0コメント