Introduction The excretory system is a vital biological system that removes excess and waste products from the body to maintain homeostasis. The excretory system is largely associated with the urinary, or renal, This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Biggs, W. Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children. American Family Physician, 73 3 , — PubMed Google Scholar. Calloway, D. Gases produced by human intestinal microflora.
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In Preventive dermatology pp. Next, the internal urethral sphincter is at the base of the bladder and allows urine to flow into the urethra when open. Finally the external urethral sphincter controls the flow of urine out of the body. What are two differences between the male and female urethra? The male urethra is longer than the female urethra because it travels through the penis. The male urethra also carries semen in addition to urine. When the bladder muscle contracts, the smooth muscle in the walls of the urethra relax.
Kidney failure is a condition that may be caused by diabetic nephropathy, PKD, or chronic hypertension in which the kidneys are no longer able to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood. When kidney function drops below the level needed to sustain life, what are potential treatments for kidney failure? Potential treatments for kidney failure when kidney function drops below the level needed to sustain life include kidney transplantation or repeated, frequent hemodialysis.
Describe hemodialysis. How may a large kidney stone be removed from the body? A large kidney stone may be shattered with high-intensity ultrasound into pieces small enough to pass through the urinary tract, or it may be removed surgically.
How are bladder infections usually treated? A bladder infection is generally caused by bacteria, so treatment usually includes antibiotic drugs. Why are bladder infections much more common in females than in males? Bladder infections are much more common in females than in males because the female urethra is much shorter and closer to the anus. Compare and contrast stress incontinence and urge incontinence.
Stress incontinence is caused by stretching of pelvic floor muscles during childbirth. It involves leakage of small amounts of urine when coughing, sneezing, or lifting. It involves leakage of large amounts of urine while experiencing a sudden urge to urinate. Why is the presence of a protein such as albumin in the urine a cause for concern? Proteins such as albumin are not usually filtered out of the blood in the glomeruli of the kidneys. When the glomerular capillaries are damaged, it allows albumin to leak into the filtrate from the blood.
As a result, albumin ends up being excreted in the urine. Therefore, the presence of proteins such as albumin in the urine is a cause for concern because it may indicate that there is a problem with kidney function. Patients undergoing hemodialysis usually have to do this procedure a few times a week.
Why does it need to be done so frequently? Sample answer: Hemodialysis artificially filters the blood when kidney function is significantly impaired. It needs to be done frequently because wastes build up continually in the blood as the body carries out its functions. Therefore, these wastes need to be removed frequently to avoid health problems or even death. Sample answer: Both the alveoli and the nephrons are tiny functional units within a larger organ that take wastes from the blood and excrete them.
The alveoli are in the lungs and excrete waste gases, while the nephrons are in the kidneys and excrete wastes in urine. What is urea? Where is urea produced, and what is it produced from? Here's how kidneys perform their important work: Blood is cleaned by passing through millions of tiny blood filters. Waste material passes through the ureter and is stored in the bladder as urine.
Newly cleaned blood returns to the bloodstream by way of veins. Follow these 13 tips to keep your bladder healthy. Drink enough fluids, especially water. Limit alcohol and caffeine. Quit smoking. Avoid constipation. Keep a healthy weight. Exercise regularly. Do pelvic floor muscle exercises. Use the bathroom often and when needed. Kidney failure happens when the kidneys cannot remove wastes from the blood. If the kidneys are unable to filter wastes from the blood, the wastes build up in the body.
Kidney failure may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recover.
Excretory System Organs. The primary excretory organs in the human body are the kidneys , ureters and urinary bladder, involved with the creation and expulsion of urine. Through these organs, much of the nitrogenous waste of the body, especially urea, is expelled.
Excretion gets rid of carbon dioxide, water, and other, possibly harmful, substances from your body. Your lungs excrete carbon dioxide as you breathe out, your kidneys filter out nasties to produce urine, removing nitrogen waste from your body, and your skin sheds excess salt through sweat. Exercise induces profound changes in the renal haemodynamics and in electrolyte and protein excretion. The adrenals release adrenaline into your body.
Nasty Diseases While there are many diseases of the excretory system, even more problems can be created by a malfunctioning set of kidneys. Blood pressure is closely tied to the amount of fluid in your body. If a kidney does not work and filter properly, blood pressure can increase to dangerous levels. If that weren't bad enough, urea would accumulate in your tissues and would slowly poison the cells of your body.
People with malfunctioning kidneys often have to go through a process called dialysis where they are hooked up to a machine that filters their blood. The machine acts as an artificial kidney and tries to re-establish normal levels of ions and water in their bodies. Many people on dialysis are waiting for kidney transplants.
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