In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. Army general and unsuccessful presidential candidate for the Whig Party in Key Takeaways Key Points Republicans supported western expansion for independent non-slave owning farmers , the development of infrastructure and Northern industry, and the restriction of slavery in new territories.
Mainstream Republicans were not an abolitionist faction. Rather, they simply opposed the spread of slavery into western territories and new states. It was founded in following the dissolution of the Whig and Free Labor Parties. Whigs and Democrats The Whigs and Democrats were in opposition to each other from to , but both encountered intraparty sectionalism over slavery. Key Takeaways Key Points After the Compromise of , the Whigs were unable to develop a cohesive, unified response to the slavery issue, leading to their eventual demise.
Democrats also were split over the slave question, with Southern Democrats arguing that slavery was central to the American national economy and society, and Northern Democrats feeling alienated by the growing Southern Democratic Party platform. In particular, Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. Southern Democrats : Members of the U. Democratic Party : One of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party.
The Election of The election of demonstrated the extremity of sectional polarization in U. Learning Objectives Discuss the significance of the election of Democrats nominated James Buchanan, who appealed to both Northern and Southern Democrats with his moderate approach to the expansion of slavery in the territories.
He proposed that popular sovereignty, not congressional compromises, should determine if slavery would be permitted in new territories. The Know-Nothings supported Millard Fillmore as their presidential candidate. He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor. Election of : An unusually heated contest that led to the election of James Buchanan, the ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Licenses and Attributions. CC licensed content, Shared previously. Hamilton created a financial system for national and international stability that included paying off the national debt and laying the infrastructure for further economic development. In order to build a national network in support of his programs, Hamilton created a coalition of supporters in every city and state, often consisting of prominent businessmen and financiers.
Federalists during the ratification period had been unified around the Constitution and support for its form of government. The support around these policies eventually established the first official political party in the United States as the Federalist Party. The Party reached its political apex with the election of the strongly Federalist President John Adams. However the defeat of Adams in the election of and the death of Hamilton led to the decline of the Federalist Party from which it did not recover.
While there were still Federalists after , the party never again enjoyed the power and influence it had held earlier. The party was created in order to oppose the policies of Hamilton and the Federalist Party. It would be Jefferson and the Republican Party that would replace the Federalist Party domination of politics following the election of The First Party System refers to political party system existing in the United States between roughly and Distinguish the issues and policies supported by the first political parties and identify the central elements of the First Party System.
The First Party System is a model of American politics used by political scientists and historians to periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly and Rising out of the Federalist v. Anti-Federalist debates, it featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
The Federalists were dominant until , and the Republicans were dominant after The First Party System : Federalist poster about Washington in heaven tells partisans to keep the pillars of Federalism, Republicanism and Democracy.
In an analysis of the contemporary party system, Jefferson wrote on Feb. Both parties originated in national politics, but later expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state.
The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the planters and farmers. By politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with party newspapers and caucuses becoming especially effective tools to mobilize voters. The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing.
The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a limited reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution.
Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine Republicanism. Britain and France were at war from through , with one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the Federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The Jay Treaty of marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President George Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists, and that party made Washington their iconic hero.
The First Party System ended during the Era of Good Feelings — , as the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Republicans lost unity. Jacksonian democracy is the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man typified by American politician Andrew Jackson. Jacksonian democracy is the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man typified by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters. The Democratic-Republican Party of the Jeffersonians became factionalized in the s.
More broadly, the term refers to the period of the Second Party System mid— when the democratic attitude was the spirit of that era. It can be contrasted with the characteristics of Jeffersonian democracy. Jeffersonians opposed inherited elites but favored educated men while the Jacksonians gave little weight to education. Whigs generally supported higher tariffs, distributing land revenues to states and passing relief legislation in response to the financial panics of and They were not formally an anti- slavery party, but abolitionists had more in common with the Whigs than the pro-slavery Jacksonian Democrats Jackson was a vocal proponent of slavery and personally owned as many as enslaved people.
As the country hurtled toward Westward expansion , it was the issue of slavery that would be the ultimate downfall of the Whigs. While often stereotyped as the party of the rich by their Jacksonian Democrat opponents, Whigs were supported by an economically diverse group of voters, winning presidential elections and state legislative majorities because of this mass support.
William Henry Harrison became the first Whig president when he won the election, but he also became the first president to die in office in , just 31 days into his term.
He was succeeded by his vice president John Tyler. Clay ran and narrowly lost to James K. Polk in The second Whig President to be voted into office, Zachary Taylor , won the election. He also became the second president to die in office, and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore. They nominated James K.
Polk, who was a Southerner and sure to favor westward expansion. Birney Again nominating James C. Birney, the Liberty Party continued to stand on an anti-slavery platform, including several planks for equal rights and the elimination of racial discrimination in the North.
They attempted to offset this damage by declaring no platform at all and nominating Zachary Taylor, a man who up until had had very little to do with politics. Southern and Western Democrats allied along a moderate platform to extend slavery, not going far enough for many slaveholding Southerners, who desired a firmer assurance of slavery's expansion. With winfield Scott, they condemned further agitation of the slavery issue and saw the Compromise of as the solution. Yet they did not come out as vehemently pro-slavery, and some Southern Whigs deserted the party to join the Democrats.
Hale Free Soilers were the only political group to officially denounce the Compromise of They demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law and opposed the further admission of slave states. Fremont The Republican Party grew out of resistance to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of , which overrode the Missouri Compromise and allowed slavery to spread into Western territory by popular sovereignty.
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