The highest ALP value was found in treatment C with a value of The lowest ALP value was found in treatment A, which was This value showed a decrease in treatment A and an increase in other treatments as compared to that before the treatments.
In another study investigating the species of A. The ALP value also varies in the A. The hematology is a significant indicator in aquaculture as it can provide an evaluation of the health status of fish due to changes in nutrition, water quality, and disease; besides, it can be done in a non-lethal way 54 , These responses were still in normal conditions no stress. The normal RBCs values are in the range of 1. Other studies also showed an increase of the RBCs values with 1.
WBCs have been used in the clinical evaluation of stress and fish disease In this study, the number of WBCs showed a decline in the amount of 9. However, this decline is still within the normal range. The normal SDP of fish is in the range between 3. The decrease in WBCs was also reported at the level of 8. The low number of WBC implies that the fish are healthy and have a good immune response 73 , Hb functions as an indicator that shows the blood ability to carry oxygen The values of Hb in this study ranged from 8.
Meanwhile, He is the ratio between RBCs volume and total blood volume The highest value was found in treatment D with This result was similar to that of treatment B, but different from those of treatment A and C.
The lowest He value was in treatment C that was In general, the He value in this study is still in the normal range. Leukocyte differentiation which includes monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils is a derivative of WBCs The comparison among monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes has been an excellent indicator for measuring the stress level of fish In this study, the monocytes of the initial conditions before the treatments were After the treatments, the monocytes increased by The monocytes showed a very low percentage; it is in line with The lymphocytes in the initial condition before the treatments was Then, it showed various results after the treatments ranging from The decrease of monocytes is due to the increase of lymphocytes produced by antibodies Similar to the lymphocytes, the neutrophils also showed the same response, in which it was low before the treatments began and increased as the treatments proceeded.
The results of the histological analysis showed that the eels reared at different water levels indicated several changes of their histological structure, which is gill and skin damage Fig. Filament necrosis occurred in the gill organs for all treatments. The skin also experienced some erosion on its epidermis for all treatments. The changes in the histology structure that occurred were due to the fact that eels were in a very low water level, thus providing a moment for gills and skin to be in direct contact with air.
This condition allows the uptake of air gases continuously and causes irritation to the gills and skin organs. Changes in the histology structure did not significantly affect the production performance and health status of eels in all treatments. Production performance escalated with increasing water level. Necrosis and hyperplasia also occurred in A. Changes in the histology structure also occur in several vital organs due to diseases and contaminants 20 , 84 , 85 , 86 , Erosion on its epidermis occurred because the skin was in direct contact with air continuously and caused the outer part of the skin to fade.
Changes in the histology structure of the skin did not have a negative effect on other parameters production performance and physiological responses , eels showed good production performance with undisturbed health status due to treatment. Eels are strong species and able to withstand extreme conditions, this is supported by a strong and thick skin structure It is capable to protect the body surface from chemical damage and infection of microorganisms 1 , 84 , 89 , 90 , The results of other studies also show the same symptoms, namely the thinning or erosion of epidermal cells due to pathogenic infections In general, the water quality parameters were still in the optimum range for all treatments.
The highest temperature concentration was found in treatment It was still in the normal conditions for the eel rearing. The concentration of pH during the study ranged from 6.
The optimal pH range in the eel rearing ranges between 6 and 8 94 , 95 , The concentration of TAN in this study ranged between 0. The concentration of nitrite in this study ranged from 0.
Nitrite is less toxic than ammonia with a tolerance level of 0. The concentration of ammonia ranged from 0. Alkalinity ranged between The normal conditions of the water quality in this study were highly influenced by the use of a recirculation system. The recirculation system is an intensification of fish production by reusing the rearing water and processing the water to depurate it , , Water management is carried out by using filters to reduce fish culture waste and feed remains , Elver eels A.
The water level of 1. We ensured that the experiments followed the ethical guidelines of IPB University and confirmed that all experimental protocols were approved by IPB University. Arai, T. Year-round spawning by a tropical catadromous eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor.
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Fish Dis. The higher the pH of water, the more basic, or alkaline, it is. The largest variety of aquatic animals prefer a pH range of 6. Low pH can also allow toxic elements and compounds such as heavy metals to become mobile and "available" for uptake by aquatic plants and animals. Again, this can produce conditions that are toxic to aquatic life, particularly to sensitive species like trout. Changes in acidity can be caused by atmospheric deposition acid rain or acid shock from snowmelt , surrounding rock, and wastewater discharges.
When both types of ions are in equal concentration, the pH is 7. Below 7. When the pH is above 7. Since the scale is logarithmic, a drop in the pH by 1. So, a water sample with a pH of 5. Alkalinity is a measure of a river's "buffering capacity," or its ability to neutralize acids.
Without this acid neutralizing capacity, any acid added to a river would cause an immediate change in the pH. Measuring alkalinity is important to determining a river's ability to neutralize acidic pollution as measured by pH from rainfall or snowmelt. It's one of the best measures of the sensitivity of the river to acid inputs. Alkalinity comes from rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges. Total alkalinity is measured by collecting a water sample, and measuring the amount of acid needed to bring the sample to a pH of 4.
At this pH all the alkaline compounds in the sample are "used up. The Massachusetts Acid Rain Monitoring Project ranks waters according to their alkalinity as follows:. Samples should be take from representative, flowing water. The water must be deeper than the sample bottles and free of surface scum and debris.
If the water is not deep enough at your regular sampling site, look for another location nearby which is equally representative of the site but deeper. If there is none, do not collect a sample and indicate on your field sheet that water level is too low. Note that sampling from the streambank is discouraged, as it can result in non-representative samples. Carefully wade into the stream, walking upstream and avoiding to stir up bottom sediment. Wait for pre-disturbance from wading in conditions to return before taking sample.
If you are in a canoe, have your partner steady it. Take sample in mid-stream, if possible. If not, get as far out from shore as is safe. Walk upstream and collect sample so that you are not standing or floating upstream of the bottle. Uncap sample bottle and rinse three times with river water: fill bottle partially, cap, shake, and empty downstream. Top of page.
After calibrating your meter with the buffers, rinse the electrode s and glassware with distilled or deionized water. Carefully measure ml of your sample and place in a ml beaker for the pH and alkalinity part.
Place the rinsed electrode in the test sample. We strongly encourage letting all samples come to room temperature in the tightly capped bottle before analyzing. If you are conducting other analyses with the sample water, keep in mind that pH should be analyzed within 5 minutes of uncapping the sample bottle. The sample should be stirred very gently, preferably with a magnetic stirrer. It may take up to 3 minutes for the reading to become stable. When stable, but not in excess of 5 minutes, record the sample pH to the nearest 0.
After placing the sulfuric acid cartridge in position in the Hach Digital Titrator, be sure to advance the plunger manually until titrant is forced out of the delivery tip. Do this as you would a hypodermic syringe, with the delivery tip up to remove bubbles. Get all the bubbles out! Then advance the plunger using the delivery knob on the end of the titrator until you are sure that the delivery tip is filled with solution.
Check for leaks where the tip connects to the cartridge. Rinse the tip WELL with distilled water or sample; this is important because the titrant is concentrated and a little bit goes a long way. Reset the counter to zero and you are ready to titrate.
Titrations go better if the delivery tip is positioned under the surface of the solution being titrated. For one or two samples, the titrator can be held in the hand, however, it is easier to mount the titrator on a ring stand using a clamp. Try to keep the titrator vertical through all titrations; putting the titrator horizontally on the bench between titrations may introduce bubbles in the tip. The acid cartridges provided are 0. Lead can also be transmitted through breast milk. Read more on lead exposure in pregnancy and lactating women PDF pp, 4.
Human skin does not absorb lead in water. This information applies to most situations and to a large majority of the population, but individual circumstances may vary. Some situations, such as cases involving highly corrosive water, may require additional recommendations or more stringent actions. Your local water authority is always your first source for testing and identifying lead contamination in your tap water.
Many public water authorities have websites that include data on drinking water quality, including results of lead testing. EPA requires all community water systems to prepare and deliver an annual water quality report called a Consumer Confidence Report CCR for their customers by July 1 of each year. Contact your water utility if you'd like to receive a copy of their latest report. If your water comes from a household well or other private water supply, check with your health department, or with any nearby water utilities that use ground water, for information on contaminants of concern in your area.
EPA's Public Notification Rule requires public water systems to alert you if there is a problem with your drinking water.
Homes may have internal plumbing materials containing lead. Since you cannot see, taste, or smell lead dissolved in water, testing is the only sure way of telling whether there are harmful quantities of lead in your drinking water.
A list of certified laboratories are available from your state or local drinking water authority. Contact your water supplier as they may have useful information, including whether the service connector used in your home or area is made of lead. You can also view and print a fact sheet on testing your home's drinking water.
Protect Your Tap: A quick check for lead is an on-line step by step guide to learn how to find lead pipes, called service lines, in your home. It also provides tips about reducing exposure to lead in drinking water and how to get your water tested for lead and resources to learn more.
You can learn about how this guide was developed and toolkits for sharing with others on the Protect Your Tap outreach page. Tool kits for different sectors with resources to create your own campaign to get others to use Protect Your Tap:.
A family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide information about the health effects of lead. State, city or county departments of health can also provide information about how you can have your child's blood tested for lead. Children spend a significant part of their days at school or in a child care facility.
The faucets that provide water used for consumption, including drinking, cooking lunch, and preparing juice and infant formula, should be tested. This law requires EPA to determine the level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur with an adequate margin of safety. These non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks are called maximum contaminant level goals MCLGs.
The MCLG for lead is zero. EPA has set this level based on the best available science which shows there is no safe level of exposure to lead.
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